![]() ![]() ![]() Romania is the twelfth-largest country in Europe and the sixth-most populous member state of the European Union. It has a predominantly temperate- continental climate, and an area of 238,397 km 2 (92,046 sq mi), with a population of under 18.9 million inhabitants (2023). It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Moldova to the east, and the Black Sea to the southeast. Romania ( / r oʊ ˈ m eɪ n i ə/ ( listen) roh- MAY-nee-ə Romanian: România ( listen)) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. eu, shared with other European Union member states. Such strategies will in many cases be closely connected to forces that promoted state formation. This essay will focus on state maintenance and the strategies that allowed the Inner Asian empires of the Türks and Uyghurs to survive and flourish a f t e r they had been established. Many of the strategies under consideration here will be familiar, as they feature regularly in works focusing on state formation in Inner Asia. This essay considers the most significant of those methods and reasons as to why they were effective. Their rulers spoke essentially the same language and employed many of the same strategies of cohesion and control. These three large states dominated much of Inner Asia for the greater part of three centuries: the first Türk Empire from 552 to 630, the restored Türk Empire from 682 to 742, and the Uyghur Empire from 744 to 840 – a total of more than 240 years. ![]() As examples of this phenomenon, this paper will examine the cases of the two steppe imperia of the Türks and the single steppe imperium of the Uyghurs. These empires were able to grow and survive as they did through a sophisticated approach to statecraft that involved a multiplicity of strategies. While there is no denying the relative instability – some might prefer to call it " dynamism " – of these empires, many of them were nevertheless complex states that lasted longer than a cursory glance at their circumstances would suggest. The great empires of Inner Asia are often, despite the efforts of many scholars, regarded as primitive and ephemeral polities. ![]()
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